《阅读和翻译练习一》之参考译文

《阅读和翻译练习一》自8月6日推出已近两个月，现贴出参考译文。

此版本系根据志愿者杨熙、蔡成普两位分别提交的译文修订完成。

由衷感谢志愿者们的积极参与！祝大家节日快乐！





原文参见：

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_59f3ad8f0100aeh1.html

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DRAFT RESOLUTION

FAIFE/GENLOC

For consideration as an IFLA Professional Resolution

At the Quebec Meeting

Submitted by Barbara Jones on behalf of FAIFE/GENLOC

August 2, 2008

决议草案

国际图联/GENLOC

作为国际图联的专业解决方案

2008年8月2日由巴巴拉·琼斯代表国际图联/GENLOC在魁北克会议上提出

Access to Personally Identifiable Information in Historical Population Records

从历史人口记录中获取个人识别资料

National governments have a compelling interest in collecting data for such purposes as national and local planning, public works projects, public health initiatives, and for developing legislation to protect such fundamental rights as freedom from discrimination. Commonly collected records and data include but are not limited to: census (population) data; birth, death, and marriage certificates; military service records; pension records; wills and testaments; and school records. Many libraries and archives hold these kinds of records, or can provide access to such records to their patrons.

为开展国家和地方规划、公共工程项目、公众健康倡议，同时也为促进立法，以保护诸如自由权等基本权利不受歧视，各国政府都迫切搜集相关数据。常见的记录和数据，包括但不限于：人口普查数据；出生、死亡、结婚证明；兵役记录；养老金记录；遗嘱和证明；以及学校记录。许多图书馆和档案馆都存有这样的记录，或者可以向他们的用户查阅这些记录

Often such data links a particular individual’s name to his or her data. Such a link creates what is called “personally identifiable information” (PII). It is possible to separate PII from the collected data and use it for non-personal, statistical purposes, especially in today’s electronic environment. However, this same environment makes it possible to compile and reorder data from a variety of sources and create data that causes an invasion of individual privacy.

通常，这样的数据把一个人的名字和他或她的数据连接起来，这样的连接就产生了所谓的“个人识别信息”(PII)。在当今的电子环境中，把“个人识别信息”从集中的数据分离出来，并且用于非个人用途或者统计用途，都是可能的。然而，同样的环境使得汇编和重新排序从各种来源和创造的数据成为可能，而这将导致侵犯个人隐私权。

Thus twenty-first century data and record collection can tip the balance between a citizen’s right to privacy and a citizen’s right to access to information. On the one hand, a citizen may want to keep private some personal data as it relates to income, health, or home address. On the other hand, this is precisely this type of data that researchers need for genealogical research, historical and sociological analysis, and for researching governmental accountability for past, current, and future actions.

因此，二十一世纪的数据和记录收集会打破公民私隐权和公民信息获取权利之间的平衡。一方面，公民可能要保留一些涉及到收入、健康和家庭地址等个人数据；另一方面，这种数据正是研究人员需要的家谱研究、历史和社会学分析材料，也是研究过去、现在以及将来政府职责的材料。

Historically, population data and other types of records have been abused and used for non-statistical purposes—for example, by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1940’s to locate Japanese-American populations in order to capture them and send them to internment camps. As a result of these and similar abuses in South Africa, Germany, and other nations, many governments have imposed strict privacy protections on government data, or are even destroying personally identifiable information. At the same time, historians are protesting the closing or destruction of these records because the government’s historical accountability will be erased.

从历史上看，人口数据和其他类型的记录都曾被滥用，用于非统计用途。比如20世纪40年代，美国人口普查局寻找日裔美国人，把他们逮捕并拘役。由于诸如此类的滥用，在南非、德国和其他一些国家，政府对自己的数据实行更严格的隐私保护，甚至销毁个人识别信息。同时，历史学家们反对封锁或者销毁这些记录，因为这样做的话政府的历史责任可能被消除。

Concerns about identity theft and terrorism are driving legislation to restrict and/or deny access to these records. Another significant driver of such legislation is the loss of “practical obscurity” which is the result of digitization of old paper records and the appearance of “born digital” electronic records that make personal information that was once difficult to find and hard to use now universally and easily accessible.

对于身份盗窃和恐怖主义的担忧促使（政府）立法限制和/或拒绝访问这些记录。这样立法的另一个重要动机就是“事实含糊性”的缺失，这是因为旧纸质记录的数字化和“原生数字”电子记录的出现，使得过去难以查找或难以使用的个人信息普遍地、简易地获取。

In an attempt to balance access and privacy, governments often keep population records closed until it can be assumed that most of that population is deceased. For example, the United States only recently opened the 1930 census. However, some governments are unaware of, or are ignoring, the legitimate interests of historians and the general public and are destroying historical population records.

在平衡获取权和隐私权的尝试中，各国政府往往保持人口记录暂时封闭，直至记录中的人大部分死去（才解禁）。举例来说，美国最近才开放20世纪30年代的人口普查（记录）。然而，一些国家的政府不知道或者忽视了历史学家和公众的合法权益，正在销毁历史的人口记录。

IFLA accepts the necessity for protection of the privacy of living persons, for business confidentiality and for government information security insofar as these valid goals do not conflict with a higher public good. At the same time, no man is an island and no individual, business corporation or government authority is entitled to seek or legislate perpetual immunity from public and historical exposure or criticism by the permanent suppression of sensitive, proprietary or personal information. Perpetual suppression or destruction of records containing personally identifiable information, even in the name of privacy, commercial confidentiality or security concerns, is in the last analysis the most pernicious form of censorship, since it seeks to deny the debt of truthful disclosure which all individuals, enterprises and government owe in the crucible of history to the society that nurtured them.

国际图联承认保护在世者隐私、商业秘密、和政府信息安全等的必要性，只要这些合理的目标与更高的公众利益没有冲突。与此同时，任何人都不是一个孤岛，也没有任何个人、商业公司或政府当局有权通过永久封锁敏感的、私有的或个人的信息，可以谋求实现永久免除公众和历史的披露或者评判，或通过立法将这一做法合法化。永久的压制或销毁包括个人识别信息的记录，即使是以隐私权、商业保密或安全考虑的名义，归根结底，就是最恶毒的审查形式，因为它试图否定真实披露，而真实披露是每个人、企业、政府为培养他们的社会承担的历史责任。

The world’s libraries affirm that free access to information and freedom of expression are principles which apply not only to present matters but to the personal, private, and sensitive raw materials of the historical record, which may be guarded in the short term against disclosure or debate, but must be preserved and made available in the long result of time as part of our common heritage. Accordingly be it resolved by IFLA that:

世界各地的图书馆申明信息自由获取和言论自由原则不仅适用于目前的事项，也适用于历史记录中个人的、隐私的和敏感的原始材料，这些材料可能受保护在短期内不能被披露或者被争论，但必须予以保留，并且经过一段较长的时间后可以公之于众，成为我们的共同遗产。因此，国际图联决议如下：

Librarians will support the need for privacy laws to protect library users from such abuses as governmental authorities monitoring their reading and research habits. On the other hand, libraries support access to information for researchers who sometimes need personal information for biographies, genealogy and other publications, and they should lobby their legislators when information is closed for an unreasonable period of time.
图书馆员将支持隐私法的需要，这些隐私法保障图书馆用户免受（信息）滥用比如政府主管部门监测他们的阅读和研究的习惯。另一方面，一些学者写传记、族谱和其他出版物有时需要一些个人信息，图书馆对于这样的需求应该给予支持。并且，当信息在一个不合理的时段内被封闭时，图书馆应该游说他们的立法者。
Librarians have an obligation to monitor their government’s legislation in regard to confidentiality of data records.
考虑到数据记录的保密，图书馆员有责任监督他们政府的立法。
Librarians will become knowledgeable on how electronic surveillance and manipulation of data works, so that they can help design solutions that will protect individual privacy, while at the same making it possible for the historical record to be preserved and accessible to the general public.
图书馆馆员应该通晓电子监控的使用和数据工程的操作，从而可以帮助设计保护个人隐私的解决方案，同时也实现历史记录的保存，并方便广大公众获取。
Librarians will oppose the destruction of records that would make it possible for the government to obscure historical data, and work with their national archives on criteria for records retention.
如果政府销毁记录会造成历史数据的含糊不清，那么图书馆员应该反对这种行为，并与他们的国家档案馆共同致力于建立记录保存的标准。
Librarians will lobby for the swift release of records once their contents are of no harm to living person
一旦记录的内容对在世者没有伤害，图书馆员应该游说迅速发布这些记录。